Upgrading to Ubuntu 9.04 From 8.10 (Desktop)

Here is the tutorial for upgrading Ubuntu 8.10 (Intrepid Ibex) desktop to latest Ubuntu Linux 9.04 (Jaunty Jackalope) over the Internet.

Ubuntu Linux support direct upgrade Ubuntu 9.04 from Ubuntu 8.10.

Make sure you have all updates applied to Ubuntu 8.10 before you start upgrade. To do this visit:
System -> Administration -> Update Manager

Ubuntu Update Manager

Click on "Install Updates"

Network Upgrade for Ubuntu Desktops over the Network

You can easily upgrade over the network as follows:

Visit System > Administration > Update Manager

Click the Check button to check for new updates.

A message will appear informing you of the availability of the new release.

Click Upgrade.

Follow the on-screen instructions.

Upgrade Ubuntu Server 8.10 to 9.04

You can upgrade the server either from console or from network remotely.

Be sure that you have all updates applied to Ubuntu 8.10 server before you upgrade. Type the following command to apply updates:

$ sudo apt-get update
$ sudo apt-get upgrade

WARNING! Backup important data, sql and configuration file before server running the following upgrade commands. The following discussion only applies to the SERVER edition. For Ubuntu 9.04 desktop upgrade click here.

Next, install update-manager-core if it is not already installed:

$ sudo apt-get install update-manager-core

Finally, start the upgrade tool, enter:

$ sudo do-release-upgrade

Now, just follow the on-screen instructions to upgrade your server over ssh session.

Oracle buys Sun Microsystems

WASHINGTON - SOFTWARE developer Oracle has reached a US$5.6 billion(S$8.4 billion) deal to purchase Sun Microsystems, the two companies announced Monday in a joint communique.

'The acquisition of Sun transforms the IT industry, combining best-in-class enterprise software and mission-critical computing systems,' Oracle's chief executive Larry Ellison said in the statement.

'Oracle will be the only company that can engineer an integrated system - applications to disk - where all the pieces fit and work together so customers do not have to do it themselves,' he said.

'Our customers benefit as their systems integration costs go down while system performance, reliability and security go up.'

Sun chairman Scott McNealy hailed the merger as 'an industry-defining event.'

Company officials said Sun's board of directors have unanimously sanctioned the deal which is expected to close this summer pending approval from the company's stockholders and federal regulators.

Upgrade SuSE11.0 to SuSE11.1

Here are the three steps to do this with zypper (the command line package manager):

1. zypper update

Make sure your system is up to date

2. change repos

change all your repositories over to 11.1 recomend you just stick to oss non-oss and packman to avoid problems

3. upgrade

zypper dist-upgrade

Done, you should have now successfully upgraded your system to 11.1. You can check that with
cat /etc/SuSE-release

Analyze apache log with awk

Lets say we want to find the amount of times a specific ip address has hit your webserver,
on this example we are assuming your apache access_log is located in /usr/local/apache/logs

The full command would be:

awk '{print $1}' /usr/local/apache/logs/access.log | sort | uniq -c | sort -fr

and the output would be like this:

155 90.193.xx.xx
154 86.143.xx.xx
109 82.17.xx.xx
85 90.213.xx.xx
74 193.28.xx.xx

How to change the shell

The chsh command can be used to change your shell.

There are other options that may be used as well. To check the available shells on your system, use the following command:

chsh --list

which will produce a list similar to:

/bin/sh
/bin/bash
/sbin/nologin
/bin/ash
/bin/bsh
/bin/ksh
/usr/bin/ksh
/usr/bin/pdksh
/bin/tcsh
/bin/csh

To change the shell to csh, use the command:

chsh -s /bin/csh

To verify the current shell, use the command:

echo $SHELL

Note:

The above example is for the root user. Non-root users are prompted for their password before the shell is changed. These changes will take effect on the next login.

Tips for Cron

In addition to Crontab tutorial here is the post for tips on cron.

Use of operators

An operator allows you to specifying multiple values in a field. There are three operators:

1. The asterisk (*) : This operator specifies all possible values for a field. For example, an asterisk in the hour time field would be equivalent to every hour or an asterisk in the month field would be equivalent to every month.

2. The comma (,) : This operator specifies a list of values, for example: "1,5,10,15,20, 25".

3. The dash (-) : This operator specifies a range of values, for example: "5-15" days , which is equivalent to typing "5,6,7,8,9,....,13,14,15" using the comma operator.

Disabling Email output:

By default the output of a command or a script (if any produced), will be email to your local email account. To stop receiving email output from crontab you need to append >/dev/null 2>&1.

For example:

0 3 * * * /root/backup.sh >/dev/null 2>&1

To mail output to particluer email account let us say rdx@nixtrix.co.cc you need to define MAILTO variable to your cron job:

MAILTO="rdx@nixtrix.co.cc"
0 3 * * * /root/backup.sh >/dev/null 2>&1

Task:

To list your crontab jobs use the command type the following command:
# crontab -l

To remove or erase all crontab jobs use the command:
# crontab -r

Use special string to save time

Instead of the first five fields, you can use any one of eight special strings. It will not just save your time but it will improve readability.

Special string	Meaning
@reboot	Run once, at startup.
@yearly	Run once a year, "0 0 1 1 *".
@annually	(same as @yearly)
@monthly	Run once a month, "0 0 1 * *".
@weekly	Run once a week, "0 0 * * 0".
@daily	Run once a day, "0 0 * * *".
@midnight	(same as @daily)
@hourly	Run once an hour, "0 * * * *".

Run ntpdate every hour:

@hourly /path/to/ntpdate

Make a backup everyday:

@daily /path/to/backup/script.sh

Understanding /etc/crontab file and /etc/cron.d/* directories

/etc/crontab is system crontabs file. Usually only used by root user or daemons to configure system wide jobs. All individual user must must use crontab command to install and edit their jobs as described above. /var/spool/cron/ or /var/cron/tabs/ is directory for personal user crontab files. It must be backup with users home directory.

Typical /etc/crontab file entries:

SHELL=/bin/bash
PATH=/sbin:/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
MAILTO=root
HOME=/

# run-parts
01 * * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.hourly
02 4 * * * root run-parts /etc/cron.daily
22 4 * * 0 root run-parts /etc/cron.weekly
42 4 1 * * root run-parts /etc/cron.monthly

Additionally, cron reads the files in /etc/cron.d/ directory. Usually system daemon such as sa-update or sysstat places their cronjob here. As a root user or superuser you can use following directories to configure cronjobs. You can directly drop your scripts here. run-parts command run scripts or programs in a directory via /etc/crontab

Directory	Description
/etc/cron.d/	Put all scripts here and call them from /etc/crontab file.
/etc/cron.daily/	Run all scripts once a day
/etc/cron.hourly/	Run all scripts once an hour
/etc/cron.monthly/	Run all scripts once a month
/etc/cron.weekly/	Run all scripts once a week

Here is a sample shell script (clean.cache) to clean up cached files every 10 days. This script is directly created at /etc/cron.daliy/ directory i.e. create a file called /etc/cron.daily/clean.cache:

#!/bin/bash
CROOT="/tmp/cachelighttpd/"
DAYS=10
LUSER="lighttpd"
LGROUP="lighttpd"

# start cleaning
/usr/bin/find ${CROOT} -type f -mtime +${DAYS} | xargs -r /bin/rm

# if directory deleted by some other script just get it back
if [ ! -d $CROOT ]
then
/bin/mkdir -p $CROOT
/bin/chown ${LUSER}:${LGROUP} ${CROOT}
fi

Job Automation under Linux/Unix machines

Cron jobs are used to schedule commands to be executed periodically i.e. to setup commands which will repeatedly run at a set time, you can use the cron jobs.

crontab is the command used to install, deinstall or list the tables used to drive the cron daemon in Vixie Cron. Each user can have their own crontab, and though these are files in /var/spool/cron/crontabs, they are not intended to be edited directly. You need to use crontab command for editing or setting up your own cron jobs.

To edit your crontab file, type the following command:

$ crontab -e

Syntax of crontab

Your cron job looks like as follows:
1 2 3 4 5 /path/to/command arg1 arg2

Where,

* 1: Minute (0-59)
* 2: Hours (0-23)
* 3: Day (0-31)
* 4: Month (0-12 [12 == December])
* 5: Day of the week(0-7 [7 or 0 == sunday])
* /path/to/command - Script or command name to schedule

Same above five fields structure can be easily remembered with following diagram:

* * * * * command to be executed
- - - - -
| | | | |
| | | | ----- Day of week (0 - 7) (Sunday=0 or 7)
| | | ------- Month (1 - 12)
| | --------- Day of month (1 - 31)
| ----------- Hour (0 - 23)
------------- Minute (0 - 59)

Example(s)
If you wished to have a script named /root/backup.sh run every day at 3am, my crontab entry would look like as follows:

(a) Install your cronjob:
# crontab -e

(b)Append following entry:
0 3 * * * /root/backup.sh

Run five minutes after midnight, every day:
5 0 * * * /path/to/command

Run at 2:15pm on the first of every month:
15 14 1 * * /path/to/command

Run at 10 pm on weekdays:
0 22 * * 1-5 /path/to/command

Run 23 minutes after midnigbt, 2am, 4am ..., everyday
:23 0-23/2 * * * /path/to/command

Run at 5 after 4 every sunday
:5 4 * * sun /path/to/command

logout - Linux Man Page

SYNTAX
     logout [n]

Exit a login shell.

Returns a status of n to the shell's parent.

A login shell, is your topmost shell, and is started when you log in.

When you terminate a login shell (via the commands `exit', `logout,' or the end of file [^D]), you are logged out completely.

Sub-Shells

A `sub-shell' is a shell created after login, either by loading a new shell or opening a window with a graphics interface. A sub-shell usually will not accept the command `logout' to terminate, you must use `exit' or ^D.
When you terminate a sub-shell, you are returned to the process or shell that created it.

Example (starting from a bash shell)
$ tcsh
% # now in the tcsh shell
% exit
$ # now back in the bash shell
$ logout

"We want the finest wines available to humanity. And we want them here and we want them now" - Bruce Robinson / Withnail and I

Related:

exit - Exit session
- End of File
logname - Print current login name
Equivalent Windows command: EXIT - Quit the CMD shell

ln - Linux Man Page

SYNOPSIS
ln [OPTION]... [-T] TARGET LINK_NAME (1st form)
ln [OPTION]... TARGET (2nd form)
ln [OPTION]... TARGET... DIRECTORY (3rd form)
ln [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY TARGET... (4th form)

DESCRIPTION
In the 1st form, create a link to TARGET with the name LINK_NAME. In
the 2nd form, create a link to TARGET in the current directory. In the
3rd and 4th forms, create links to each TARGET in DIRECTORY. Create
hard links by default, symbolic links with --symbolic. When creating
hard links, each TARGET must exist.

Mandatory arguments to long options are mandatory for short options
too.

--backup[=CONTROL]
make a backup of each existing destination file

-b like --backup but does not accept an argument

-d, -F, --directory
allow the superuser to attempt to hard link directories (note:
will probably fail due to system restrictions, even for the
superuser)

-f, --force
remove existing destination files

-n, --no-dereference
treat destination that is a symlink to a directory as if it were
a normal file

-i, --interactive
prompt whether to remove destinations

-s, --symbolic
make symbolic links instead of hard links

-S, --suffix=SUFFIX
override the usual backup suffix

-t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY
specify the DIRECTORY in which to create the links

-T, --no-target-directory
treat LINK_NAME as a normal file

-v, --verbose
print name of each linked file

--help display this help and exit

make numbered backups

existing, nil
numbered if numbered backups exist, simple otherwise

simple, never
always make simple backups

Basic Linux Commands

Command Example Description cat Sends file contents to standard output. This is a way to list the contents of short files to the screen. It works well with piping. cat .bashrc Sends the contents of the ".bashrc" file to the screen. cd Change directory cd /home Change the current working directory to /home. The '/' indicates relative to root, and no matter what directory you are in when you execute this command, the directory will be changed to "/home". cd httpd Change the current working directory to httpd, relative to the current location which is "/home". The full path of the new working directory is "/home/httpd". cd .. Move to the parent directory of the current directory. This command will make the current working directory "/home. cd ~ Move to the user's home directory which is "/home/username". The '~' indicates the users home directory. cp Copy files cp myfile yourfile Copy the files "myfile" to the file "yourfile" in the current working directory. This command will create the file "yourfile" if it doesn't exist. It will normally overwrite it without warning if it exists. cp -i myfile yourfile With the "-i" option, if the file "yourfile" exists, you will be prompted before it is overwritten. cp -i /data/myfile . Copy the file "/data/myfile" to the current working directory and name it "myfile". Prompt before overwriting the file. cp -dpr srcdir destdir Copy all files from the directory "srcdir" to the directory "destdir" preserving links (-p option), file attributes (-p option), and copy recursively (-r option). With these options, a directory and all it contents can be copied to another directory. dd dd if=/dev/hdb1 of=/backup/ Disk duplicate. The man page says this command is to "Convert and copy a file", but although used by more advanced users, it can be a very handy command. The "if" means input file, "of" means output file. df Show the amount of disk space used on each mounted filesystem. less less textfile Similar to the more command, but the user can page up and down through the file. The example displays the contents of textfile. ln Creates a symbolic link to a file. ln -s test symlink Creates a symbolic link named symlink that points to the file test Typing "ls -i test symlink" will show the two files are different with different inodes. Typing "ls -l test symlink" will show that symlink points to the file test. locate A fast database driven file locator. slocate -u This command builds the slocate database. It will take several minutes to complete this command. This command must be used before searching for files, however cron runs this command periodically on most systems. locate whereis Lists all files whose names contain the string "whereis". logout Logs the current user off the system. ls List files ls List files in the current working directory except those starting with . and only show the file name. ls -al List all files in the current working directory in long listing format showing permissions, ownership, size, and time and date stamp more Allows file contents or piped output to be sent to the screen one page at a time. more /etc/profile Lists the contents of the "/etc/profile" file to the screen one page at a time. ls -al |more Performs a directory listing of all files and pipes the output of the listing through more. If the directory listing is longer than a page, it will be listed one page at a time. mv Move or rename files mv -i myfile yourfile Move the file from "myfile" to "yourfile". This effectively changes the name of "myfile" to "yourfile". mv -i /data/myfile . Move the file from "myfile" from the directory "/data" to the current working directory. pwd Show the name of the current working directory more /etc/profile Lists the contents of the "/etc/profile" file to the screen one page at a time. shutdown Shuts the system down. shutdown -h now Shuts the system down to halt immediately. shutdown -r now Shuts the system down immediately and the system reboots. whereis Show where the binary, source and manual page files are for a command whereis ls Locates binaries and manual pages for the ls command.

Editors: emacs, vi, pico, jed, vim

whereis - Linux Man Page

SYNOPSIS
      whereis [ -bmsu ] [ -BMS directory...  -f ] filename ...

DESCRIPTION
      whereis locates source/binary and manuals sections for specified files.
      The  supplied  names  are first stripped of leading pathname components
      and any (single) trailing extension of the form .ext, for example,  .c.
      Prefixes  of  s.   resulting  from  use of source code control are also
      dealt with.  whereis then attempts to locate the desired program  in  a
      list of standard Linux places.

OPTIONS
      -b     Search only for binaries.

      -m     Search only for manual sections.

      -s     Search only for sources.

      -u     Search  for unusual entries.  A file is said to be unusual if it
             does  not  have  one  entry  of  each  requested   type.    Thus
             `whereis  -m  -u  *'  asks for those files in the current direc-
             tory which have no documentation.

      -B     Change or otherwise limit the places where whereis searches  for
             binaries.

      -M     Change  or otherwise limit the places where whereis searches for
             manual sections.

      -S     Change or otherwise limit the places where whereis searches  for
             sources.

      -f     Terminate  the last directory list and signals the start of file
             names, and must be used when any of the -B, -M,  or  -S  options
             are used.

EXAMPLE
      Find  all  files  in /usr/bin which are not documented in /usr/man/man1
      with source in /usr/src:

             example% cd /usr/bin
             example% whereis -u -M /usr/man/man1 -S /usr/src -f *

FILES
      /{bin,sbin,etc}

      /usr/{lib,bin,old,new,local,games,include,etc,src,man,sbin,
                          X386,TeX,g++-include}

      /usr/local/{X386,TeX,X11,include,lib,man,etc,bin,games,emacs}

pwd - Linux Man page

SYNOPSIS
      pwd [OPTION]

DESCRIPTION
      Print the full filename of the current working directory.

      --help display this help and exit

      --version
             output version information and exit

      NOTE:  your shell may have its own version of pwd, which usually super-
      sedes the version described here.  Please refer to your  shell's  docu-
      mentation for details about the options it supports.

COPYRIGHT
      Copyright  (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+: GNU
      GPL version 3 or later 
      This is free software: you are free  to  change  and  redistribute  it.
      There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

mv - Linux Man Page

SYNOPSIS
      mv [OPTION]... [-T] SOURCE DEST
      mv [OPTION]... SOURCE... DIRECTORY
      mv [OPTION]... -t DIRECTORY SOURCE...

DESCRIPTION
      Rename SOURCE to DEST, or move SOURCE(s) to DIRECTORY.

      Mandatory  arguments  to  long  options are mandatory for short options
      too.

      --backup[=CONTROL]
             make a backup of each existing destination file

      -b     like --backup but does not accept an argument

      -f, --force
             do not prompt before overwriting

      -i, --interactive
             prompt before overwrite

      --strip-trailing-slashes
             remove any trailing slashes from each SOURCE argument

      -S, --suffix=SUFFIX
             override the usual backup suffix

      -t, --target-directory=DIRECTORY
             move all SOURCE arguments into DIRECTORY

      -T, --no-target-directory
             treat DEST as a normal file

      -u, --update
             move only when the SOURCE file is  newer  than  the  destination
             file or when the destination file is missing

      -v, --verbose
             explain what is being done

      --help display this help and exit

      --version
             output version information and exit

      The   backup   suffix   is  `~',  unless  set  with  --suffix  or  SIM-
      PLE_BACKUP_SUFFIX.  The version control method may be selected via  the
      --backup  option  or  through the VERSION_CONTROL environment variable.
      Here are the values:

      none, off
             never make backups (even if --backup is given)

REPORTING BUGS
      Report bugs to .

COPYRIGHT
      Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+:  GNU
      GPL version 3 or later 
      This  is  free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.
      There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

more -Linux Man Page

SYNOPSIS
more [-dlfpcsu] [-num] [+/ pattern] [+ linenum] [file ...]

DESCRIPTION
    More is a filter for paging through text one screenful at a time.  This
    version is especially primitive.  Users should realize that less(1) pro-
    vides more(1) emulation and extensive enhancements.

OPTIONS
    Command line options are described below.  Options are also taken from
    the environment variable MORE (make sure to precede them with a dash
    (``-'')) but command line options will override them.

    -num  This option specifies an integer which is the screen size (in
          lines).

    -d    more will prompt the user with the message "[Press space to con-
          tinue, 'q' to quit.]" and will display "[Press 'h' for instruc-
          tions.]" instead of ringing the bell when an illegal key is
          pressed.

    -l    more usually treats ^L (form feed) as a special character, and will
          pause after any line that contains a form feed.  The -l option will
          prevent this behavior.

    -f    Causes more to count logical, rather than screen lines (i.e., long
          lines are not folded).

    -p    Do not scroll.  Instead, clear the whole screen and then display
          the text.

    -c    Do not scroll.  Instead, paint each screen from the top, clearing
          the remainder of each line as it is displayed.

    -s    Squeeze multiple blank lines into one.

    -u    Suppress underlining.

    +/    The +/ option specifies a string that will be searched for before
          each file is displayed.

    +num  Start at line number num.

COMMANDS
    Interactive commands for more are based on vi(1).  Some commands may be
    preceded by a decimal number, called k in the descriptions below.  In the
    following descriptions, ^X means control-X.

    h or ?      Help: display a summary of these commands.  If you forget all
                the other commands, remember this one.

    SPACE       Display next k lines of text.  Defaults to current screen
                size.

    z           Display next k lines of text.  Defaults to current screen

    f           Skip forward k screenfuls of text.  Defaults to 1.

    b or ^B     Skip backwards k screenfuls of text.  Defaults to 1.  Only
                works with files, not pipes.

    '           Go to place where previous search started.

    =           Display current line number.

    /pattern    Search for kth occurrence of regular expression.  Defaults to
                1.

    n           Search for kth occurrence of last r.e.  Defaults to 1.

    ! or :!
                Execute  in a subshell

    v           Start up an editor at current line.  The editor is taken from
                the environment variable VISUAL if defined, or EDITOR if
                VISUAL is not defined, or defaults to "vi" if neither VISUAL
                nor EDITOR is defined.

    ^L          Redraw screen

    :n          Go to kth next file.  Defaults to 1.

    :p          Go to kth previous file.  Defaults to 1.

    :f          Display current file name and line number

    .           Repeat previous command

ENVIRONMENT
    More utilizes the following environment variables, if they exist:

    MORE        This variable may be set with favored options to more.

    SHELL       Current shell in use (normally set by the shell at login
                time).

    TERM        Specifies terminal type, used by more to get the terminal
                characteristics necessary to manipulate the screen.

ls -Linux Man Page

SYNOPSIS
     ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...

DESCRIPTION
     List  information  about  the FILEs (the current directory by default).
     Sort entries alphabetically if none of -cftuvSUX nor --sort.

     Mandatory arguments to long options are  mandatory  for  short  options
     too.

     -a, --all
            do not ignore entries starting with .

     -A, --almost-all
            do not list implied . and ..

     --author
            with -l, print the author of each file

     -b, --escape
            print octal escapes for nongraphic characters

     --block-size=SIZE
            use SIZE-byte blocks

     -B, --ignore-backups
            do not list implied entries ending with ~

     -c     with -lt: sort by, and show, ctime (time of last modification of
            file status information) with -l: show ctime and  sort  by  name
            otherwise: sort by ctime

     -C     list entries by columns

     --color[=WHEN]
            control  whether  color is used to distinguish file types.  WHEN
            may be `never', `always', or `auto'

     -d, --directory
            list directory entries instead of contents, and do not  derefer-
            ence symbolic links

     -D, --dired
            generate output designed for Emacs' dired mode

     -f     do not sort, enable -aU, disable -ls --color

     -F, --classify
            append indicator (one of */=>@|) to entries

     --file-type
            likewise, except do not append `*'

     -G, --no-group
            in a long listing, don't print group names

     -h, --human-readable
            with -l, print sizes in human readable format (e.g., 1K 234M 2G)

     --si   likewise, but use powers of 1000 not 1024

     -H, --dereference-command-line
            follow symbolic links listed on the command line

     --dereference-command-line-symlink-to-dir
            follow  each  command line symbolic link that points to a direc-
            tory

     --hide=PATTERN
            do not list implied entries matching shell  PATTERN  (overridden
            by -a or -A)

     --indicator-style=WORD
            append indicator with style WORD to entry names: none (default),
            slash (-p), file-type (--file-type), classify (-F)

     -i, --inode
            print the index number of each file

     -I, --ignore=PATTERN
            do not list implied entries matching shell PATTERN

     -k     like --block-size=1K

     -l     use a long listing format

     -L, --dereference
            when showing file information for a symbolic link, show informa-
            tion  for  the file the link references rather than for the link
            itself

     -m     fill width with a comma separated list of entries

     -n, --numeric-uid-gid
            like -l, but list numeric user and group IDs

     -N, --literal
            print raw entry names (don't treat e.g. control characters  spe-
            cially)

     -o     like -l, but do not list group information

     -p, --indicator-style=slash
            append / indicator to directories

     -q, --hide-control-chars
            print ? instead of non graphic characters

     -r, --reverse
            reverse order while sorting

     -R, --recursive
            list subdirectories recursively

     -s, --size
            print the size of each file, in blocks

     -S     sort by file size

     --sort=WORD
            sort  by  WORD  instead of name: none -U, extension -X, size -S,
            time -t, version -v

     --time=WORD
            with -l, show time as WORD instead of modification  time:  atime
            -u,  access  -u,  use  -u, ctime -c, or status -c; use specified
            time as sort key if --sort=time

     --time-style=STYLE
            with -l, show times using style STYLE: full-iso, long-iso,  iso,
            locale,  +FORMAT.   FORMAT is interpreted like `date'; if FORMAT
            is FORMAT1FORMAT2, FORMAT1 applies to non-recent  files
            and FORMAT2 to recent files; if STYLE is prefixed with `posix-',
            STYLE takes effect only outside the POSIX locale

     -t     sort by modification time

     -T, --tabsize=COLS
            assume tab stops at each COLS instead of 8

     -u     with -lt: sort by, and show, access time with  -l:  show  access
            time and sort by name otherwise: sort by access time

     -U     do not sort; list entries in directory order

     -v     sort by version

     -w, --width=COLS
            assume screen width instead of current value

     -x     list entries by lines instead of by columns

     -X     sort alphabetically by entry extension

     -Z, --context
            print any SELinux security context of each file

     -1     list one file per line

     --help display this help and exit

     --version

     Exit status is 0 if OK, 1 if minor problems, 2 if serious trouble.

COPYRIGHT
     Copyright (C) 2008 Free Software Foundation, Inc.  License GPLv3+:  GNU
     GPL version 3 or later 
     This  is  free  software:  you  are free to change and redistribute it.
     There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law.

locate - Linux Man Page

SYNOPSIS
locate [-d path | --database=path] [-e | --existing] [-i | --ignore-case ] [--version] [--help] pattern...
DESCRIPTION
This manual page documents the GNU version of locate. For each given pattern, locate searches one or more databases of file names and displays the file names that contain the pattern. Patterns can contain shell-style metacharacters: `*', `?', and `[]'. The metacharacters do not treat `/' or `.' specially. Therefore, a pattern `foo*bar' can match a file name that contains `foo3/bar', and a pattern `*duck*' can match a file name that contains `lake/.ducky'. Patterns that contain metacharacters should be quoted to protect them from expansion by the shell. If a pattern is a plain string --- it contains no metacharacters --- locate displays all file names in the database that contain that string anywhere. If a pattern does contain metacharacters, locate only displays file names that match the pattern exactly. As a result, patterns that contain metacharacters should usually begin with a `*', and will most often end with one as well. The exceptions are patterns that are intended to explicitly match the beginning or end of a file name. The file name databases contain lists of files that were on the system when the databases were last updated. The system administrator can choose the file name of the default database, the frequency with which the databases are updated, and the directories for which they contain entries; see updatedb(1L).
OPTIONS

-d path, --database=path
Instead of searching the default file name database, search the file name databases in path, which is a colon-separated list of database file names. You can also use the environment variable LOCATE_PATH to set the list of database files to search. The option overrides the environment variable if both are used. The file name database format changed starting with GNU find and locate version 4.0 to allow machines with diffent byte orderings to share the databases. This version of locate can automatically recognize and read databases produced for older versions of GNU locate or Unix versions of locate or find.
-e, --existing
Only print out such names that currently exist (instead of such names that existed when the database was created). Note that this may slow down the program a lot, if there are many matches in the database.
-i, --ignore-case
Ignore case distinctions in both the pattern and the file names.
--help
Print a summary of the options to locate and exit.
--version
Print the version number of locate and exit.


ENVIRONMENT

LOCATE_PATH
Colon-separated list of databases to search.